Typologies of Banner Advertisements’ Attributes: A Content Analysis

The web has received significant amount of attention from advertising and consumer researchers investigating the impact of banner advertisement on consumers’ psychological and behavioral responses. However, no typology of banner advertisement has been identified yet, and the selection of banner advertisements as advertising stimuli has been carried out on the premise of personal judgment rather than scientific methodology. The identification of typology is important because different banner advertisement, such as static and pop-up, elicit different consumers’ responses. In addition the identification of a typology constitutes an advance to mid-range theory in a research domain. Hence, the purpose of this research is to identify the typologies of banner advertisements’ attributes such as type, number, shape, location, and size using content analysis. Specifically, nine banner advertisement types are identified as well as the typology of number, shape, location, and size of banner advertisements. Contributions of the research are discussed.     

“One-deal-fits-all?” On Category Sales Promotion Effectiveness in Smaller versus Larger Supermarkets

Even within a store chain and format, supermarket outlets often exhibit substantial differences in selling surface. For chain managers, this raises the issue of correctly anticipating the promotion lift, and of profitably managing promotion activities, across these outlets. In this paper, we conceptualize why and how store size influences the category sales effectiveness of four promotional indicators (depth of the promotional discount, display support, feature support, and whether the promotion is quantity-based). We then estimate the net moderating effect on four product categories for 103 store outlets belonging to four chains. For each of the promotion instruments, we find the percentage sales increases to be lower in large stores. For instance, whereas a 10% point increase in feature activity enhances category sales by about 1.64% in a 700 m² store, this figure drops to only 1.03% in a 1300 m² store – a 59% reduction. This moderating effect is especially pronounced for discount depth, the relative sales lift from a typical price cut being about 78% lower in the larger-sized outlet. However, since large outlets also have larger base sales, the picture changes when we consider absolute sales effects. The net outcome is that deeper discounts or quantity-based promotions do not systematically generate larger or smaller absolute sales bumps in large stores, whereas for in-store displays and features, we obtain a clear positive (be it less than proportional) link between store size and absolute category sales lift. When it comes to margin implications, we show that large stores gain higher profit from price cuts than small outlets only as long as the retailer keeps part of the manufacturer discount to himself. Managers can use these insights to improve their promotional forecasts across outlets, as well as to tailor their mix of instruments to store selling surface.     

住宅套型的物理性能质量衡定标准探讨

本文从住宅套型的声环境、光环境、热舒适环境和通风环境四大方面入手,对影响住宅套型性能质量之物理性能质量进行探讨。     

The Effect of Shelf Space on Sales of Fruit Beverages

Abstract

Fruit beverage demand is related to prices, store size, shelf space allocation, and out-of-stock occurrences. A double log demand model is used to estimate the marginal impact of shelf space reallocation on fruit beverage sales. The estimated marginal impacts are compared with the per linear foot average revenue differences among five beverage groups. Results show that differences of average revenue are different from the marginal impacts estimated in this study. Hence, the average revenues are not good measures to be used as a guide for shelf space reallocation.     

水果“进京”流通渠道优化模型的研究

通过对国内外农产品流通渠道优化的现状与动态进行研究,结合我国水果配送体系特色,以"链态"的视角将我国水果流通渠道按流通环节复杂程度和水果不同的流通特点进行分类,综合研究了二者的匹配问题,确定了一个双向选择的方案,并建立水果类别与流通"链态"匹配模型,从而解决了不同水果对流通渠道的选择和优化问题,对产销地域跨度大的水果的"进京"渠道选择具有实用意义。     

Country size and the rule of law: Resuscitating Montesquieu

In this paper, we demonstrate that there is a robust negative relationship between the size of country territory and a measure of the rule of law for a large cross-section of countries. We outline a framework featuring two main reasons for this regularity; firstly that institutional quality often has the character of a local public good that is imperfectly spread across space from the core of the country to the hinterland, and secondly that a large territory usually is accompanied by valuable rents and a lack of openness that both tend to distort property rights institutions. Our empirical analysis further shows some evidence that whether the capital is centrally or peripherally located within the country matters for the average level of rule of law.     

Collaboration,motivation, and the size of organizations

We present an analytical model of an organization that offers operational drivers of limits on team size. The model trades off benefits from collaborative problem solving against the disadvantages of diminishing motivation when groups get large. Collaboration is represented as parallel employee activity combined with frequent sharing of partial information, with a resulting superlinear performance increase over team size. Motivation is modeled by team members periodically setting an effort level either to contribute to the best of their ability or to “cruise”; at the minimum level not recognizable as shirking. Each individual decision is limited by bounded rationality based on team rewards, the time horizon of team interaction, and individual expectations about colleagues’ behavior. The decision collapses to a simple “barrier rule”;. Work hard when a certain “barrier percentage”; of team members work hard, and otherwise shirk. The influence of team size on this barrier percentage depends on the extent of benefits from collaboration: As long as performance increases quadratically with team size, the increased benefits resulting from collaboration exactly balance the temptation to shirk, with the barrier percentage approaching a fixed limit for large team sizes. As soon as the performance increase slows to anything less than quadratic, shirking eventually sets in and limits the possible size of the team. This implies that cooperation is sustainable in large organizational units, provided the problem‐solving processes used are powerful enough to ensure sufficient performance increases. Thus, effective problem‐solving methods are of double value, improving direct productivity and mitigating the social dilemma from team production. A manager should enlarge his or her organization up to the minimum of the limit set by the cooperation barrier and the exogenous performance limit.     

Do Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors Herd in Taiwan's Securities Market?

This paper investigates whether and why qualified foreign institutional investors (QFIIs) in Taiwan herd when picking stocks. The evidence shows that QFIIs herd in Taiwan's securities market: They follow each other into and out of the same securities. We identify how the herding behavior forms and how it changes over time. The results suggest that there is an industry effect when QFIIs pick up stocks. They herd on securities classified in specific industries and also prefer stocks with high past returns as well as large firm size, supporting the argument that QFIIs are momentum traders. Characteristic herding and investigative herding explain QFIIs' trading behavior in Taiwan.     

关于卷制螺旋滚子结构尺寸的理论分析

卷制螺旋滚子是一种全新理念的滚子,可以有效地识别出螺旋滚子结构尺寸与变形能之间的相互关系,该滚子的周身遍布缝隙,其区别于普通滚子的一个最大特点就是可以吸收冲击能,既解决普通滚子在高速多冲作用下的早期断裂问题,又提高滚子的抗冲击性能。为此,文章主要针对有关于卷制螺旋滚子结构尺寸的理论,进行简单的分析和探讨。     

对《公差原则》（GB／T4249—1996、GB／T16671—1996）的探讨

详尽阐述尺寸要求，形位要求和相关要求都是独立的要求的观点，对国标（公差原则）中有关定义及条文进行探析，提出定义及条文修改的建议。